The pedagogical approach that focuses on motivation, relationships and personal growth, influenced by Carl Rogers, mattering most when offering choice and using reflection journals, and requiring a safe classroom climate to work.
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Central QuestionHow does education engage the whole person, feeling as well as intellect, toward growth and self-actualization? 1 Most Effective ForLearning that mattered most when offering choice, engaging feelings alongside intellect, and supporting self-actualization and psychological health. 1 Humanism
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How did humanism's approach to education emerge from a real debate with behaviourism?
At a famous 1962 University of Minnesota Duluth symposium, B.F. Skinner defended behaviourism's reinforcement-based account of behaviour while Carl Rogers argued the humanist case for free will and the learner's own internal, self-directed growth.
In June 1962, B.F. Skinner and Carl Rogers held what is considered one of the most influential psychological debates of the twentieth century, at the University of Minnesota Duluth, titled Education and the Control of Human Behavior. Skinner held that even complex human behaviour could be explained through reinforcement and punishment; Rogers, in contrast, placed emphasis on free will and on internal, cognitive aspects of the person, the same emphasis on relationships, motivation and self-directed growth that defines humanism as a pedagogical approach.
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Knowles' assumptions about self-directed, experience-driven adult learners draw on humanistic psychology.
Source Wikipedia
Additional Source Summerhill School (Wikipedia)Summerhill School, lead section
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Source Encyclopaedia Britannica
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Knowles drew directly on humanistic psychology, especially self-direction and intrinsic motivation.
Source infed, the encyclopedia of pedagogy and informal education
Source A historic dialogue
Source Charlotte Mason - Wikipedia
Source Demotivation (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Emotional Literacy
Care theory's person-centered relational emphasis sits within the humanist line in education.
Source infed, the encyclopedia of pedagogy and informal education
Source Free play (Wikipedia)
Source Invitational education (Wikipedia)
Source Lifewide learning (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Overjustification effect
Source Psychomotor education (Wikipedia)
Source Reading motivation (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Social-emotional learning
Source Theme-centered interaction (Wikipedia)
Source Positive disintegration (Wikipedia)
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1. infed, the encyclopedia of pedagogy and informal education
Humanistic orientations to learning page
A great deal of theoretical writing about adult education in the 1970s and 1980s drew on humanistic psychology, with the basic concern being for the human potential for growth.
Humanistic orientations to learning page, Rogers section
Learning can, thus, be seen as a form of self-actualization, it contributes to psychological health
Includes: Andragogy, Malcolm Knowles page, humanistic influences
extensive use of a model of relationships derived from humanistic clinical psychology, and, in particular, the qualities of good facilitation argued for by Carl Rogers
Includes: Ethic of Care, Nel Noddings page, orientation
Natural caring, such as that of a mother for a child, according to Nel Noddings, comes before ethical caring and is preferable to it.
View the SourceStructural Learning, Pedagogy Explained
Structural LearningPedagogy Explained, Five Pedagogical Approaches Explained, HumanismQuote, Pedagogy Explained, Five Pedagogical Approaches Explained, Humanism
focuses on motivation, relationships and personal growth
A historic dialogue
University of Minnesota Duluth, College of Education and Human Service ProfessionsBehaviorism vs. Humanism sectionQuote, Behaviorism vs. Humanism section
In contrast, Rogers and his humanist approach to psychology placed emphasis on free will and thought as well as other cognitive, internal aspects of psychology.
Encyclopaedia Britannica
Wikipedia: Emotional Literacy
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Emotional Literacy, Lead paragraphQuote, Includes: Emotional Literacy, Lead paragraph
In the early 1970s, emotional literacy was noted as part of a project that advocated for humanistic education.
Invitational education (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Invitational Education, Lead paragraph, in-approachQuote, Includes: Invitational Education, Lead paragraph, in-approach
A key feature is that a student's positive self-concept, leading to their productivity, be developed through the school environment.
Wikipedia: Social-emotional learning
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Social Emotional Learning, Lead paragraph, in-approachQuote, Includes: Social Emotional Learning, Lead paragraph, in-approach
Social and emotional learning (SEL) is an educational method that claims to be able to foster social and emotional skills in school curricula.
Wikipedia: Overjustification effect
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Overjustification Effect, Lead paragraph, in-approachQuote, Includes: Overjustification Effect, Lead paragraph, in-approach
The overjustification effect is a phenomenon in psychology in which providing expected external incentive, such as money or prizes, for an already intrinsically rewarding activity can reduce a person's intrinsic motivation to perform that activity.
Demotivation (Wikipedia)
Includes: Demotivation, Lead paragraph, in-approachQuote, Includes: Demotivation, Lead paragraph, in-approach
In the study of motivation, demotivation is the weakening or loss of an existing motivation to act as a result of specific negative influences.
Reading motivation (Wikipedia)
Includes: Reading Motivation, Lead paragraph, in-approachQuote, Includes: Reading Motivation, Lead paragraph, in-approach
Reading motivation is the motivational drive to read, an area of interest in the field of education.
Positive disintegration (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Theory of Positive Disintegration, Lead paragraph, in-approachQuote, Includes: Theory of Positive Disintegration, Lead paragraph, in-approach
Unlike mainstream psychology, the theory views psychological tension and anxiety as necessary for personal growth.
Psychomotor education (Wikipedia)
Includes: Psychomotor Education, Lead paragraph, in-approachQuote, Includes: Psychomotor Education, Lead paragraph, in-approach
It is based on a holistic view of human beings that considers each individual as a unity of physical, emotional and cognitive actualities, which interact with each other and the surrounding social environment.
Lifewide learning (Wikipedia)
Includes: Lifewide Learning, Lead paragraph, in-approachQuote, Includes: Lifewide Learning, Lead paragraph, in-approach
By including LWL with a traditional classroom, students are better equipped to attain whole person development and to develop lifelong learning skills.
Free play (Wikipedia)
Includes: Free Play, Lead paragraph, in-approachQuote, Includes: Free Play, Lead paragraph, in-approach
Free play is crucial for child development, and promotes social skills, emotional health, resilience, cooperation, confidence, cognitive growth, and brain development.
Summerhill School (Wikipedia)
Associated With: Summerhill School, Summerhill School, lead sectionQuote, Associated With: Summerhill School, Summerhill School, lead section
founded in 1921 by Alexander Sutherland Neill
Charlotte Mason - Wikipedia
Includes: Charlotte Mason, LeadQuote, Includes: Charlotte Mason, Lead
Mason promoted a humanistic and highly integrative model for education which emphasized cultivating a love of learning in children as well as spiritual and moral formation.
Theme-centered interaction (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Theme-Centered Interaction, LeadQuote, Includes: Theme-Centered Interaction, Lead
Since the nineteen fifties, TCI has been developed in the United States by the psychoanalyst and psychologist Ruth Cohn, by the therapists Norman Liberman, Isaac Zieman and by other representatives of humanistic psychology.
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