A concept describing literacy, numeracy or the specific skill of reading: how children become aware of print and sound before they can read (print awareness, phonological awareness, emergent literacy), models of the reading process itself (the simple view of reading, the dual route theory of reading, the science of reading), diagnostic and instructional techniques built on those models (miscue analysis, structured word inquiry, sight word instruction, rapid automatized naming), named studies and effects in reading research (the Baseball Study, the Matthew effect in reading, the double-deficit hypothesis), and the wider family of applied literacies beyond reading text (digital, financial, information, scientific and visual literacy, plus numeracy and number sense, gathered here as the numerical counterpart to literacy).