20th century

Behaviorism emerged in the early 1900s as a reaction to depth psychology and other traditional forms of psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested experimentally.

the pioneering Harvard psychologist Jerome Bruner explores in a magnificent essay titled The Act of Discovery

Let us then suppose the Mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas; How comes it to be furnished?

The theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea that learning is a function of change in overt behavior.

Bloom's taxonomy is a hierarchical model used for classifying learning objectives by levels of complexity and specificity.

framework for categorizing educational goals

The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is a concept in educational psychology that represents the space between what a learner is capable of doing unsupported and what the learner cannot do even with support.

Critical pedagogy is a philosophy of education and social movement that developed and applied concepts from critical theory and related traditions to the field of education and the study of culture.

Instructional scaffolding is the support given to a student by an instructor throughout the learning process.

The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it.

Human intelligence is not a single general ability but comprises various distinct modalities, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, and spatial intelligences.

Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a learning process in which voluntary behaviors are modified by association with the addition (or removal) of reward or aversive stimuli.