A framework, standard or theoretical account of what a curriculum should contain and how it should be organized, rather than how a single lesson is delivered or how learning is assessed: named curriculum-planning frameworks (backward design, Understanding by Design, the Tyler rationale, the spiral curriculum), taxonomies and frameworks of learning outcomes (Bloom's Taxonomy, the SOLO taxonomy, threshold concepts, 21st century skills), cross-curricular and disciplinary literacy concepts (interdisciplinarity, disciplinary literacy, media literacy, writing across the curriculum), and named policy-level education movements (global education, international education, outcome-based education, the CDIO Initiative, qualifications frameworks). This group gathers curriculum-level and standards-level material as distinct from a single instructional technique.