A theory, model or named method for measuring, testing or grading student learning: the major psychometric paradigms (classical test theory, item response theory, the Rasch model, generalizability theory, diagnostic classification models), assessment formats and philosophies (formative and summative assessment, authentic and alternative assessment, criterion-referenced and norm-referenced testing, peer assessment, pre-assessment), technical measurement concepts (differential item functioning, equating, standard-setting studies, value-added modeling), and named grading and evaluation practices (contract grading, rubrics, the culminating project). This group gathers the atlas's assessment and measurement material, distinct from Instructional Design Models, which addresses how instruction itself is planned and delivered rather than how learning is measured afterward.